Tanzania

A review and assessment of the contribution of international and bilateral aid to urban development policies in Tanzania

Despite the potential in meeting its food requirements Tanzania remains a net importer of food. This is exacerbated by low agricultural productivity among Tanzanian farmers which is primarily fuelled by low adoption of productivity enhancing technologies such as the use of fertilizer and improved seeds. Fertilizer consumption among smallholder farmers in Tanzania remains low on the backdrop of nutrient depletion which is estimated at five times high than annual replenishment rate.

Land and natural resources occupy an important place in the political history, social organization and economics of Tanzania. Over the years, the politics of land has pervaded the discourse at the national level in the country. This is because the main components of the national economy of Tanzania are based on land agriculture, mining, tourism, fisheries as well as forestry.

More than ever, it is crucial to make the best use of existing country data, and analytical tools for developing malaria control strategies as the heterogeneity in malaria risk within countries is increasing, and the available malaria control tools are expanding while large funding gaps exist. Global and local policymakers, as well as funders, increasingly recognize the value of mathematical modelling as a strategic tool to support decision making.

For the past three decades, both developed and developing countries have witnessed unparalleled human migration within and across political and geographical boundaries. Several reasons have been contributing people to migrate, they include; poor socio-economic conditions, low wages, and high growth rate of unemployment and poverty.

Pest and disease outbreaks have significant impacts on the livelihoods of seaweed farmers each year, particularly in low- to middle-income countries around the world. Commercial seaweed farming of the red carrageenophytes, Eucheuma denticulatum, Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus striatus, in Tanzania was established in 1989.

Global efforts to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030 have focused on achieving universal access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2014).

Despite high rates of return to investments (Heckman and Masterov 2007) and large developmental benefits for children (Currie and Thomas 1999; Reynolds et al. 2001), early childhood education (ECE) has historically been neglected in many low-income countries.

It can be seen all around the globe that forests are utilized, protected, and conserved in several ways. As resources, forests provide us with a broad range of relevant renewable raw materials such as food, fuelwood, and other bio products (Langat et al. 2016; Lee 2019), without forgeting the essential ecological and environmental services such as soil and water protection, recreation, conservation of biodiversity, carbon storage and climate change miti- gation (Dhyani and Dhyani 2016; Duguma et al. 2019).

As one of Africa's most wildlife-rich countries (see Kingdon, 1989; Stuart and Adams, 1990; Lovett and Wasser, 1993; Pomeroy, 1993), Tanzania provides an important case study for the theme of sustainable use, biological conservation and institutional management of conservation.